Belief Systems And The Spiritual Side Of Their Cultures Essay

On the theme of spirituality, all four ethnic groups have varying belief systems and are connected to the spiritual side of their cultures in different ways. The Amharas are Christians who subscribe to some local beliefs, monotheists believing in the Christian interpretation of God and going to church in a mountain cave over 150 days per year both to solidify their connections with God and to connect with the rest of their communities. The head of their religion is a local priest who acts not only as an intermediary between the Amharas and their spiritual realm, they are also community leaders, acting as guides that the Amharas consult for all their problems. The Lolos Noirs do not subscribe any organized religion, practicing instead ancestral and spirit worship. This belief system is entrenched by the local shaman, a village elder who is entrusted to protect the Lolos Noirs most sacred possession, 2 bronze drums that have been passed on for generations and that are used in religious ceremonies, specifically during funerals and mourning times (not too often for fear of disturbing the revered ancestors). Thus, spirituality not only connects the Lolos Noirs with the spirits and ancestors they worship, it also helps bring them, an already close community, even closer together, bonded over the collective protection of items they regard as sacred. The belief system that the Nyangatoms ascribe to remains unclear, the only system of beliefs or rites of passage mentioned being thatShow MoreRelatedThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down By Anne Fadiman1277 Words   |  6 PagesSpirit Catches You and You Fall Down, by Anne Fadiman, is the story of two very different cultures lacking understanding for one another leading to a tragedy due to cultural incompetence. Today in America there are very many different cultures. Health care providers need to be aware of cultural diversity and sensitivity when caring for patients. If a health care provider is not sensitive towards a patient’s culture it can cause a relationship of mistrust to form, lead to barriers in the plan of careRead MoreHeritage Assessment1485 Words   |  6 PagesHeritage Assessment The United States (US) is a multicultural society. People from all over the world reside in the US. There are many customs, religion, values, beliefs, and so forth, in the US. To be in the healthcare profession, it is vital and necessary to be culturally aware and competent to provide culturally appropriate, holistic care. One of the ways to learn about a person’s heritage is by using the Heritage Assessment (HA). The HA tool has 29 questions and is a reliable method used toRead MoreHeritage Assessment Assignment1666 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilies and friends that you associated with shared different beliefs, were from different cultures, and were just different from you and from your family. Children do not tend to recognize such differences, but as growing adults it becomes ever apparent that being â€Å"different† and accepting these differences is just a part of life. Perhaps kids just do it without thinking about it? Heritage assessments promote understanding of another’s beliefs, traditions, health practices, as well as helping to betterRead MoreCulture Vs. Society.1241 Words   |  5 Pages Culture vs. Society Submitted by Class Date Introduction Throughout the 20th century, the anthropological views of culture have evolved significantly. Anthropologists view culture as the learned and accumulated experience. A culture of a particular community or society integrates the socially transmitted patterns of behaviors characteristics of a specific social group. However, the definition is still evolving with some scholars defining culture as the knowledge, beliefs, art, moralsRead MoreThe Theme Of Spiritualism In Eden Robinsons Novel Monkey Beach1610 Words   |  7 Pagesnormality in a society of European culture based definitions of right and wrong. Lisamarie Hill struggles to grasp a gift that allows her to achieve a state of consciousness â€Å"Somewhere between waking and sleeping† (Robinson 139) which enables her to contact the spirit world. 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Trauma and the Effects on Neural Development In Bremner’s (2007) article, he states that â€Å"Traumatic stress has a broad range of effects on brain function and structure, as well as on neuropsychological components of memory† (p. 455). Specifically, the areas of the brain that are affected by a trauma response include the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and, the neurochemical systems. ThereforeRead MoreMy Views On Spiritual Activism Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagescannot build that world if I am not internalizing these ideas. As an activist, I must be vigilant in the ways in which I interact with the people around me. Engaging in a spiritual practice offered a unique insight into spiritual activism. I heard parts of myself for the very first time and gained insight to where I am on my spiritual journey. Furthermore, I was able to connect this new knowledge with my everyday life and work to better myself. I was fortunate enough to have an experience within thisRead MoreBeliefs, Morals and Values Appli cation Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages#Beliefs, Morals and Values, # Beliefs, Morals and Values Application According to Webster’s II New College Dictionary a belief is the mental act, condition, or habit of placing trust or confidence in a person or thing and mental acceptance of or conviction in the truth or actuality of something (1995). A belief consists of anything believed by conviction or faith; a belief can be something accepted as true (Weber, 2002). Beliefs are convictions; trust or confidence placed in a person or

Criminal Justice Collapse The Constitution After...

After Katrina destroyed New Orleans, Zeitoun, a Syrian American businessman, arrested, jailed, moved to a maximum-security prison for weeks, without representation by counsel as recounted in Dave Eggers National Best Seller Zeitoun. His story, one of many just scratches the surface of a failed justice system where constitutional protections no longer apply. This failure of the justice system in the aftermath of Katrina, described in Brandon L. Garrett and Tania Tetlow’s article Criminal Justice Collapse: The Constitution After Hurricane Katrina in the Duke Law Journal, explains what happened. Caterina Gouvis Roman, Seri Irazola, and Jenny W.L. Osborne’s research in After Katrina Washed away? Justice in New Orleans published by the Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center backs up Garrett and Tetlow’s research. This personal history describes Zeitoun’s experiences in the aftermath of the Katrina; this essay describes what happened to the residents of New Orle ans and where the constitutional failures occurred. Zeitoun’s story includes many positive experiences in the aftermath of Katrina; however, his nightmare begins when Nasser, Zeitoun’s friend, calls him to the door, where law enforcement takes him into custody. â€Å"’Give me your ID,’ one man said to Zeitoun. Zeitoun complied. The man took the ID and gave it back to Zeitoun without looking at it. ‘Get in the boat,’ he said. ‘You didn’t look at it,’ Zeitoun protested† (Eggers, 206). The men detain Zeitoun without explainingShow MoreRelatedWhat Happens When Law Enforcement And Government Ignore Constitutional Protections2072 Words   |  9 PagesHurricane Katrina destroyed the New Orleans system of courts, allowing the removal of all checks and balances. The factual narrative of Zeitoun, a Syrian American businessman, concerning his arrest one week after hurricane Katrina as recounted in Dave Eggers Zeitoun. His story, one of many, describes what happens when law enfo rcement and government ignore constitutional protections. One year after Katrina Brandon L. Garrett and Tania Tetlow’s article, Criminal Justice Collapse: The Constitution AfterRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hurricane Katrina1937 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract As Hurricane Katrina approached New Orleans, federal and local officials underestimated the severity of the storm. Once the storm hit, they believed that it was not horrible and that it would be easy to recover from the storm. They were not expecting the levee system to fail and that 80% of the city would be under water hours after the storm passed. Once the levees failed, it took days before residents of New Orleans to get the help that they needed and many people lost their lives waitingRead MoreThe Nine By Jeffrey Toobin916 Words   |  4 Pagesin Europe have also had great influence on the Court, such as when the Berlin Wall fell a year after Kennedy joined the Court. This occurred when satellites of the Soviet Union sought help to form their own democracies after the collapse of Communism. As a result, the interpretation of the Constitution was greatly affected and resulted in greater activity and promotion of American values from justices such as Kennedy and O’Connor an d the creation of the Central European and Eurasian Law InitiativeRead MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 PagesInfrastructure Security Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society Movie Piracy Learning Objectives 17.1 Perspectives on IT Impacts 17.2 IT Is Eliminating the Barriers of Time, After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Space, and Distance Understand the changes that take place in the workplace and the lives of individuals when information technology eliminates geographical and spatial barriers. Describe some of the majorRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesrace, success ment (HRM) is responsible for carefully selecting and training people with and possibly survival depends on a good the necessary skills to pursue the strategy effectively. Some external factors can be predicted; others, such as the collapse of large banks and crew that understands the strategy and can insurance companies, can seemingly come out of nowhere. The challenges adapt quickly to the unpredictable have been coming fast and furious recently as organizations struggle to environment

Liberation Feminist Hermeneutics, as described Essay Example For Students

Liberation Feminist Hermeneutics, as described Essay By Elisabeth Schuessler Firoenza Hermeneutics SeminarFebruary 29/00Box #260Table of Contents I. Introduction..p.3 A. An Historical Overview..p.3-4B. An Overview of Feminist Hermeneutics..p.4-5VI. PresuppositionsA. Introduction and Preface to the Hermeneutics of ..p.6Elisabeth Schuessler FiorenzaB. Scripture: Mythical Archetype vs. Historical Prototypep.6-8C. Egalitarianism and Genderp.8-9D. Patriarchy.p.9-10V. A Hermeneutics of Proclamation: Goals of Feminist Hermeneutics.p.10-12VI. TechniquesA The Discipleship of Equals: Historical Reconstructionp.12-14B. A Hermeneutics of Suspicion and Actualization..p.15-16VII. Fiorenza in Action!: Galatians 2:28..p.16-17VIII. Conclusion ..p.17-18IX. Works Citedp.19I. IntroductionFor millennia, indeed all of recorded history, women have remained in drastic seclusion in society and historical studies. The Bible provides no radical difference in this historical analysis. Indeed, the Bible maintains much of the patriarchal presuppositions and attitud es of surrounding cultures and societies. The OT contains many patriarchal mindsets and laws; the NT canon seems somewhat contradictory over the place of women in the church, family, and society. It is in this environment that women find themselves in the twentieth century. Women, particularly egalitarian feminists, struggle over what is the appropriate response to the Bible, Christian traditions, and the church. Phyllis Trible comments on feminist hermeneutics and theology (which is often hard to distinguish) as follows:But perhaps I have said enough to show that in various and sundry ways feminist hermeneutics is challenging interpretations old and new. In time, perhaps, it will yield a biblical theology of womanhood (not to be subsumed under the label humanity) with roots in the goodness of creation female and male.1We shall see if it does. A. Historical Overview and Context Only recently, the last one hundred and fifty years, has a sustained feminist consciousness arisen. That consciousness began almost exclusively in western society, with little of the third and second worlds partaking. This struggle came to climax in the 1960s, after the conservative reactions of both world wars had subsided. The extended peacetime allowed a strong feminist awareness to take place. It is in this environment that women began to look critically at the Biblical text itself. The feminists could not simply ignore religion, because despite its regressions, religion still plays an important role in the life experience of millions of women across the world. Thus began the process of re-interpreting and examining the Bible with a feminist critique in mind. B. An Overview of Feminist Hermeneutics The largess of feminist hermeneutics is as diverse as any other field of hermeneutics. Techniques and presuppositions vary and differ across many different spectrums. Evangelical feminists believe in the historical accuracy of the Biblical text and its inerrancy. These feminists tend to hold to an equal-but-different analysis of gender, marriage, and sexuality. They attempt to stay within the orthodox understanding of the Christian faith, but raise serious questions regarding the common male interpretation of texts. Unlike liberal feminist scholarship, they never question the truthfulness of the text itself. Evangelical feminists wish to bring women into all spheres of the church, but tend to overlook many of the patriarchal assumptions of the text. They tend to use the historical-grammatical method, so long as it embraces conservative Protestant theology (that is to say in the essentials of doctrine).Liberation feminist scholarship tends to ha ve a much lower view of scriptural authority. They are for the most part egalitarians, who wish that women and men should be treated equally and endorse and equality of ends, in which all members of society have equal treatment and life. Egalitarians also dismiss most so-called natural differences between the sexes as socially constructed phenomena. Thus, their goal is to interpret the text with feminist concerns in mind and liberate it from its androcentric beginnings. These liberation feminists are closely aligned with other liberation hermeneutical groups, including: Latin, African, and African-American liberation theology. These feminists hope to not only change the church, but also interpret the text in a socio-political context of feminism, thus challenging the culture with a prophetic-messianic mandate. As Elisabeth Fiorenza states: The Bible is not simply a religious but also a profoundly political book as it continues to inform the self-understandings of American and Europe an secularized societies and cultures. Feminist biblical interpretations therefore have a critical political significance not only for women in biblical religion but also for all women in Western societies.2This liberation feminist scholarship is rooted in the emancipation of women from all patriarchal structures and authority. Rather, it seeks relationships based on mutual benevolence, without domination or authority. Thirdly, there are the feminist interpreters who have fundamentally discarded the Biblical text as a hopelessly lost document, whose purpose is to enslave women. They view the Bible as a text that has contributed to the subjection of women in Western society. As such a patriarchal document, they discard it as they would any other book or piece of literature. While such an analysis of this group might prove interesting, for the purposes of this essay and audience, such an analysis would be ill advised and fruitless.II. PresuppositionsA. Introduction and Preface to the Hermeneutics of Elisabeth Schuessler FiorenzaBecause Feminist hermeneutics is so multi-faceted, this essay will examine the feminist scholarship of Elisabeth Schuessler Fiorenza almost exclusively. She has written many books and articles, including: In Memory of Her and Bread not Stone. She is a landmark writer and pioneer in terms of feminist Biblical and theological scholarship. Thus, her examination is well deserved and needed. As well, it is often difficult to examine the differences of technique, presuppositions, and goals, since much of the time these three areas seem to intermesh and often remain indistinguishable in the feminist hermeneutic. The normal logic of scientific-historical analysis seems not to be taken at face value with these post-modern feminists as it is with much Biblical scholarship. However, a definite attempt will be made to distinguish and present a logical analysis of these three areas, even though at times, it may seem repetitive or undistinguishable.B. Scripture: Mythical Archetype vs. Prototype Elisabeth Schuessler Fiorenza is not an evangelical feminist and thus does not hold to the inerrancy of scripture. Fiorenzas understanding of the Bible is formed around the concept of prototype juxtaposed against the traditional or evangelical understanding of mythical archetype. According to Firoenza, an archetype is an ideal form that establishes an unchanging timeless pattern.3 While evangelicals allow the cultural and historical accounts to be taken into consideration while developing the archetype, the principles developed out of the archetype are a timeless pattern. Fiorenza, instead, advocates a view of scripture known as prototype. That is, the Bible is critically open to the possibility of its own transformation.4 This view allows for the Bible and the Christian community to reintegrate different views and identity into its framework. Fiorenza states regarding prototype:Such an understanding of Scripture not as a mythic archetype but as a historical prototype provides the Christian community with a sense of its ongoing history as well as of its theological identity. Insofar as it does not define the Bible as a fixed mythical pattern, it is able to acknowledge positively the dynamic process of biblical adaptation, challenge, or renewal of social-ecclesial and conceptual structures under the changing conditions of the churchs social-historical situations.5Fiorneza is advocating a historical relativist interpretive guide to hermeneutics. She views the Bible more as a living and evolving text that can be used even in current struggles, even though much of it may be contradictory to those struggles. Fiorenzas views of scripture are also highly selective. She is not subversive or deceptive in her views of the bounds of scriptural authority. Through the eyes of feminism and egalitarianism she states, only those traditions and texts that critically break through patriarchal culture and plausible structures have the theological authority of revelation. The advocacy stance of liberation theologies cannot accord revelatory authority to any oppressive and destructive biblical text or tradition.6 The locus of authority in Fiorenzas hermeneutics is not Biblical authority but a preconceived notion of egalitarian feminism. Texts that do not follow this pattern are dismissed because of their oppressive nature, such as the household codes in first and second Timothy. Thus, Fiorenzas places revelatory status on those texts that fit into egalitarian feminism.C. Egalitarianism and GenderOne of the most important presuppositions in Fiorenzas and most feminist thought is the notion of egalitarianism. Egalitarianism is, according to Miriam-Websters Online Dictionary, a belief in human equality especially with respect to social, political, and economic rights and privileges.7 This notion is Fiorenzas (and most other feminists) guide to all scriptural authority and thought. Egalitarianism may be a philosophical concept, but it is a concept that seeks to transform society from one of domination and oppression to one of equality in all realms. It seeks to transform not only individuals to its stream of thought, but also the overarching societal structures that may instill domination in society. Egalitarianism obviously has implications for gender roles and formation. Egalitarianism sees all people as equal, regardless of gender, race, or societal factors (wealth, status, etc.). Through this lens, gender differences are usually explained as socially constructed. From a very young age, girls and boys are raised differently in many households across the world. Boys are instilled with the ideals of manly courage and fortitude and women with grace and compassion. Labels accorded to women, such as the fairer sex, are used according to the egalitarian critique, as a means to enforce societal structures of dominance. The Christian right in particular, speaks of family values connoting the ideal fam ily as a male breadwinner and a female homemaker. These societal structures in both the family and moral development are seen by Fiorenza and others as an affront to their humanity. Thus the egalitarian ethic, contextualized in gender, is a prophetic movement, hoping to change the very structure and foundations of society. Rosemary Ruether describes it as such: This biblical principle of prophetic faith parallels the critical dynamic of feminism, which likewise examines structures of injustice toward women, unmasks and denounces their cultural and religious sanctifications, and points toward an alternative humanity, an alternative society, capable of affirming the personhood of women.8 Thus, feminism finds its tradition in the prophetic movements of both testaments, while rejecting elements in scripture that reflect domination and subjection. D. PatriarchyWhile patriarchy has been defined above, it is important to develop a deeper understanding of patriarchy as suggested by feminist biblical scholars. Patriarchy, in the Christian context, is the divinely ordered roles of men and women. Evangelicals typically refer to this as the equal but different concept of gender distinction and roles. In this ideal, women are divinely worked differently then men and are usually in some sort of subjection to them, whether it be in church or the household. This ideal has roots in the altruistic ethics and theology of mainstream Christianity. Joanne Carlson Brown and Rebecca Parker comment on theological nature of patriarchy in Christianity:Christianity has been a primary-in many womens live the primary-force in shaping our acceptance of abuse. The central image of Christ on the cross as the savior of the world communicates the message that suffering is redemptive. If the best person who ever lived gave his life for others, then, to be of value we should likewise sacrifice ourselves. Any sense that we have a right to care for our own needs is in conflict with being a faithful follower of Jesus.9As we see, the feminist critique seems to strike at the very heart of the altruistic ethic that Christianity seems to advocate. This theological observation combined with womens lesser role in society, as advocated by the household codes in Timothy and obvious patriarchal texts in the OT, seem to advocate a patriarchal church and societal structure, whose inevitable conclusion leads to the abuse and oppression of women-physically, emotionally, economically, and spiritually. This altruistic ethic of self-sacrifice is seen by women as advocating oppression more than love or acceptance.III. A Hermeneutics of Proclamation: Goals of Feminist HermeneuticsThe goals of Fiorenzas feminist hermeneutics are both scholarly and ideological. The scholarly goals will be taken up under the section Techniques. Feminist hermeneutics are typically ideological by their very nature. Fiorenza comments on the ideological goal of her hermeneutics:No reform is possible in one area of soc iety if it is not advanced also in all other areas. One cannot reform the law and other cultural institutions without also reforming biblical religion that claims the Bible as Holy Scripture. Since all reforms are interdependent, a critical feminist interpretation is a necessary political endeavor, although it might not be opportune. If feminists think they can neglect the revision of the Bible because there are more pressing political issues, then they do not recognize the political impact of Scripture upon the churches and society, and also upon the lives of women.10Fiorenza characterizes this hermeneutic as a hermeneutic of proclamation. The hermeneutics of proclamation seeks to rediscover or recapture those texts that speak of liberation of oppressed people. It then proceeds to contextualize it for modern society and peoples. Thus, this hermeneutical method becomes a highly politicized reading of the text. Fiorenza comments as follows on proclamation hermeneutics: In conclusion, a feminist hermeneutics of proclamation must on the one hand insist that all texts identified as sexist or patriarchal should not be retained in the lectionary and be proclaimed in Christian worship or catechesis. On the other hand, those texts that are identified as transcending their patriarchal contexts and as articulating a liberating vision of human freedom and wholeness should receive their proper place in the liturgy and teaching of the churches. 11The church is then faced with a canon within the canon, so to speak. The liberating traditions of the Bible become the locus of authority and teaching, whereas all others are discounted. Fiorenzas hermeneutical goals can also be termed as advocacy scholarship. That is, advocating for a specific pre-conceived notion or presupposition, such as egalitarian feminism. This advocacy is highly related to not only the oppressive structures contained in modern, Western, society, but also women and their dependents in Third World countries. This advocacy seeks to empower women in all spheres of life. This hermeneutics seeks out texts that reinforce ideals of legal equality, political equality, and economic equality. It could be said that Fiorenzas model of hermeneutical advocacy contains similar parallels to Marxist economic and political thought, with the exception of women and not class distinctions, as its locus. Fiorenzas advocacy scholarship is highly international and holistic. She recognizes the plight of poor women across the world and not just the minor problems that characterize western European societies. IV. TechniquesA. The Discipleship of Equals: Historical ReconstructionFiornezas analysis of the Biblical text is centered on historical reconstruction. Historical reconstruction is the task of recreating the historical situation of a given community of history. In Fiorenzas case, it is the early Jesus movement and the missionary movement. This reconstruction is a difficult task, because much of the text is silent, especially regarding the roles of women. Fiorenza uses the model of historical reconstruction to come to her thesis-that the Jesus movement and the subsequent gentile missionary movement, was a primarily egalitarian movement that transcended the patriarchal models of both the traditional Jewish and Hellenistic societies, that patriarchal texts are generally understood as redacted material or pseudo-canonical literature (non-apostolic authorship, particularly some letters attributed to St. Paul). Firoenza constructs Jesus life and teachings as stressing the present reality of the Kingdom of God. Fiorenza has noticed a theme that has been stressed in much contemporary Christian theology and hermeneutics.12 She states that, Jesus stresses that, in his own ministry and movement, the eschatological salvation and wholeness of Israel as the elect people of God is already experientially available.13 She goes onto later characterize this kingdom of God as a humanizing and socio-poli tical praxis of human holiness.14 This humanizing Kingdom societal ethic translates into all arenas of life. Fiorenza characterizes the members of this Jesus movement as such, No one is exempted. Everyone is invited. Women as well as men, prostitutes as well as Pharisees.15 For Fiorenza, the early Jesus movement was a discipleship of equals that was characterized by its belief in a different future and different human relationships on the grounds that all persons in Israel are created and elected by the gracious goodness of Jesus Sophia-God.16 This egalitarian ethic threw off patriarchal power structures and domination and asked all members of the community to respect each other as co-equals in Gods kingdom without relation to sex or status. Fiorenza deals with the Jesus movement as separate from that of the gentile missionary movement that endured in western civilization. She sees them as two distinct branches of religious ideals and views that must be dealt with separately, althou gh with obvious parallels and similarities. The missionary movement developed sociologically different from that of the Jesus movement. The missionary movement had to deal with Greco-Roman culture to a much greater extent than that of the predominantly Jewish Jesus movement. Fiorenza however, continues her interpretive key, that women and men were co-equals in the beginnings of both the early Jesus and missionary movements:Rather than to project our own cultural-historical assumptions on the New Testament text, we must replace them with a historical model that makes it possible to conceive of the early Christian movement as a movement of women and men. Such a model allows us to do justice to these New Testament texts that suggest womens leadership and contributions were central to the early Christian missionary movement as well as to those texts that seek to prescribe womens role in terms of Greco-Roman patriarchal culture.17 Characterizing the early missionary movement as a predomi nantly house-church formulation, Fiorenza develops the model of early egalitarian church life and practice, The house church, by virtue of its location, provided equal opportunities for women, because traditionally the house was considered womens proper sphere, and women were not excluded from activities in it.18 While Fiorenza uses many other sociological observations to prove her assertions of an egalitarian community, her thought is consistent with her overall thesis and practice-to develop an egalitarian and liberating worldview out of the early Christian writings and history.B. Hermeneutics of Suspicion and Actualization In Fiorenzas attempt to develop a feminist critique and reclamation of scripture, redaction criticism, a hermeneutics of suspicion, and pseudo-Pauline critique is used to dismiss texts that do not follow with her previous thesis. Unlike evangelical feminists, Fiorenza admits quite readily that androcentric and patriarchal texts exist. However, she contests the androcentric and supposedly objective interpretive model in western society:Far from being objective or descriptive, androcentric texts and knowledge produce the historical silence and invisibility of women. Although, women are neglected in the writing of history, the effects of our lives and actions are a reality in history.19 This critical analysis of the text is formulated in her hermeneutics of suspicion. This critical analysis has as its foundation the assumption that the texts are androcentric and serve patriarchal ends.20 She bases this claim on the fact that almost all biblical texts originate from the male authors and academic elite of their respective communities. Not only does this hermeneutics of suspicion challenge the very text itself, but also the academic and traditioning communities that have established the predominant interpretations of the texts and the very canonization of the texts themselves. This hermeneutics of suspicion does not take the few statements rega rding gender roles as descriptive of the actual historical community interactions. Rather, it suspects that the patriarchal prescriptive elements of texts are actually in response to a feminist egalitarian ethic that was developed or developing. These statements confirm the evidence of the egalitarian Christian ethic itself. As well, those few texts that seem to evidence the descriptive and prescriptive elements of early Christian feminism are seen as an indication of a larger role of woman than described. Fiorenza describes it as such, references to early Christian women therefore should be read as the tip of an iceberg, indicating what is submerged in grammatically masculine language and how much historical information is lost to us for ever.21 Because of the lack of information, Fiorenza advocates a process of hermeneutical actualization. She advocates a system of reading into the text those concerns that women probably would have had in the Biblical era, to reclaim and recreate feminist rituals and traditions which seem to have been lost to history. Fiorenza feels that this process is requisite for the transformation of the church and society. As she states, Only by reclaiming our religious imagination and our sacred powers of naming can women-church dream new dreams and see new visions.22 This process has its roots in most Christian traditions, which idealize and mythologize the early Christian founding fathers and saints. Fiorenza uses this tradition for her advocacy stance of egalitarian feminism. VII. Fiorenza in Action!: Galatians 2:28 No report of Fiorenza or other feminist scholars would be complete without an example of their work on the Biblical text itself. The much debated Galatians 3:28, There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus,23 is the perfect text to analyze from a feminist perspective, since it forms the locus of much feminist biblical scholarship. Fiorenzas examination of the text criticizes the notion that there is somehow a difference between the order of creation and redemption. She analyzes such an approach as such, Widespread in exegetical commentaries and articles on women in the Bible is the distinction between the order of creation, to which the household codes 1 and 2 Timothy belong, and the order of redemption-though neither expression is found in the New Testament.24Fiorenza goes on in her analysis to link the text to the preceding verse that is seen as a baptismal confessional. She notes that baptism functioned much like circumcision in Jewish religion, as an initiation into the community. Baptism, unlike circumcision, is applied to both sexes, and thus women are garnered the same ability and right of men to enter into the community as equals. Fiorenza also notes Pauls desires to break down the barriers between Jews and Greeks in much of his writings. For Paul, racial distinctions were wiped away in Christ. Fiorenza comments that in the same way, while not as prevalent through his literature, the Galatians passage confirms the egalitarian message of equality to women and men.VIII. Conclusion Fiorenza presents an egalitarian vision of reality and philosophy. Her ideology is clear and forthright. Through both her hermeneutics of suspicion and reconstruction, she paints a picture of Christian community that focuses on the fundamental equality of all peoples-not just women. While not evangelical in her understanding of scripture, she advocates a very honest analysis of the text and its patriarchal and androcentric beginnings. Her hermeneutics of proclamation and actualization seek to reintegrate and transform the church and society into an egalitarian framework. While definitely complex and challenging, Fiorenzas feminist hermeneutics are revolutionary and needed as a sound critique and message to paternal Christianity and society. Works CitedAuthor Unknown. Meriam-Websters Online Dictionary. http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictiona ryBrown, Joanne Carlson and Bohn, Carole R (editors). Christianity, Patriarchy, and Abuse: A Feminist Critique. New York: Pilgrim Press, 1989. Getting To The Reader EssayFiroenza, Elisabeth Schuessler. Bread Not Stone: The Challenge of Feminist BiblicalInterpretation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984. Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schuessler. In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins. New York: Crossroad, 1989. Loades, Ann (editor). Feminist Theology: A Reader. Louisville: John Knox Press, 1990. Russel, Letty M (editor). Feminist Interpretation of the Bible. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1985. 1 Phyllis Trible. Feminist Hermeneutics and Biblical Studies, Feminist Theology: A Reader, p.29. 2 Elisabeth Fiorenza, Bread not Stone: The Challenge of Feminist Biblical Interpretation, p.xi 3 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, p.33. 4 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, p.33. 5 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, p.34. 6 Elisabeth Fiorneza, In Memory of Her, p.33. 7 Author Unknown. Meriam-Websters Online Dictionary. http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary8 Rosemary Ruether, A Method of Correlation, Feminist Interpretation of the Bible, p.118. 9 Joanne Carlson Brown and Rebecca Parker, For God So Loved the World? Christianity, Patriarchy, and Abuse. p.2. 10 Elisabeth Firoenza, In Memory of Her, p.11. 11 Elisabeth Fiorneza, Bread Not Stone, p.18. 12 Authors such as G. Ladd, John Wimber, and Liberation scholars all pick up on this theme, as well as the teaching at this institution. 13 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, p.119. 14 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, p.120. 15 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, p.12116 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Memory of Her. P.142. 17 Elisabeth Firorenza. Missionaries, Apostles, Co-workers: Romans 16 and the Reconstruction of Womens Early Christian History, Feminist Theology: A Reader, p.59. 18 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Her Memory, p.176. 19 Elisabeth Fiorenza, Feminist Theology: A Reader, p.58. 20 Elisabeth Fiorneza, Bread Not Stone, p.15. 21 Elisabeth Fiorenza, Feminist Theology: A Reader, p.60. 22 Elisabeth Fiorenza, Bread Not Stone, p.21. 23 New International Version. 24 Elisabeth Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, p.206.

Kennedy-Nixon Debate Analysis free essay sample

There may be more truth to the old saying, â€Å"it’s not what you say but how you say it. † On average, 93 percent of meaning found in communication comes from nonverbal messages (Mehrabian 1967). Nonverbal communication is the wordless transmission of information through body language, gestures, tone, space and appearance. The first televised presidential debate is a pivotal example of how pervasive nonverbal communication actually is to an audience, and how it affects the credibility of the speaker(s). The purpose of this analysis is to present both the categories and functions of nonverbal communication within the context of the 1960 debates between presidential candidates, Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-president Richard M. Nixon. Before the first debate, Kennedy was generally thought of as the young inexperienced underdog taking on the two termed vice president but by the end of the night, he was the winner. During the first debate both candidates spoke on domestic issues but history has proved less concerned about the farmer subsidies discussed than with the speakers’ physical appearance. We will write a custom essay sample on Kennedy-Nixon Debate Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kennedy was able to hold his own against Nixon’s rebuttals which launched him into an equal perception with viewers. However, what really propelled Kennedy as the winner was the way he presented himself as compared to how Nixon was presented. Perceptions of physical attractiveness initially have the greatest impact. We tend to want to interact with others we consider more attractive than not. That first debate was the clear turning point for Kennedy’s campaign and some would even argue it won him the presidency. â€Å"It’s one of those unusual points on the timeline of history where you can say things changed very dramtically. † (Schroeder 2000) Apparently, while Nixon was campaigning earlier that summer, he injured his knee and it became infected, requiring surgery just two weeks before that fateful September night. This left Nixon pale and underweight, as noticeable by the suit obviously too large for him. To make matters worse, he also refused to wear makeup as he was getting ready to go on set. Nixon did agree to use a drugstore pancake makeup in an attempt to hide his fast growing stubble. This actually backfired as the hot lights in the CBS studio caused Nixon to sweat and melted the powder right off his face. As opposed to Kennedy, that had just returned from campaigning in sunny California, who appeared tanned and rested. The wardrobe chosen for the debate also seemed to work against Nixon. He chose a gray suit that made him fade into the background on set. Whereas Kennedy’s darker suit made him stand out against the background and in viewer’s minds. Posture also helped shaped credibility in the audience’s mind. According to research linking body movements to leadership, those who lean forward, maintain eye contact, smile and assume a relaxed posture are more likely to emerge as leaders and be considered more attractive (Ketrow). Kennedy seemed to stand up straighter and remain poised better than Nixon. Nixon’s still tender knee caused him to bend a bit and appear slouched. Even Nixon himself admitted in his book Six Crises, â€Å"I believe I spent too much time in the last campaign on substance and too little time on appearance, I paid too much attention to what I was going to say and too little to how I would look. I should have remembered that a picture is worth a thousand words. † Nixon also failed at one of the most important aspects of public speaking, eye contact. During the course of the debate Kennedy spoke directly into the camera as he answered questions. Nixon on the other hand, looked off camera and made eye contact with the four news correspondents instead of engaging his real audience, the American people watching at home. This was negatively perceived by those watching as Nixon shifting his gaze to avoid eye contact. Kennedy seemed a natural to the new medium of television whereas Nixon prepared much the same way he would for a radio show.

Internet Marketing of HND Essay Example

Internet Marketing of HND Essay Example Internet Marketing of HND Essay Internet Marketing of HND Essay Higher National Diploma in Business (CUFF) Marketing Assessor Lund HO Unit title Internet I confirm that this is all my own work and has not been submitted for any previous sentimentalists signatures OutcomeCriteriaAssessors declinational Verification Understand marketing through the internet. 1. 1 explain the elements of internet marketing 1. 2 evaluate the internet marketing mix . 3 compare internet marketing tools e-tools . 4 examine interactive order preprocessing Be able to use the internet for promotion using digital marketing communications 2. 1 demonstrate the mechanics of search engine racketing. Write the copy for a suitable opt-in email marketing newsletters. 3 follow guidelines for best practice in online public relations. 4 demonstrate how businesses can use new digital media communities, egg file-sharing sites Professors additional feedback and comments Decision Merit grades awarded MI Modifications grades awarded Tangential verification of assignment brief (final agree d version)lb name Tattle confirm that this is all my own work and has not been submitted for any previous sentimentalists signature Grading Pass All criteria identified in the assignment are met. Merit (MI) Clear and proper descriptions about elements of internet marketing. (MM) During discussing the mechanics of search engine marketing, all aspects of search engine functions should be correctly considered. (MM) The report is submitted in a standard format, the structure is clear and reasonable, and the materials were well-organized. Distinction (ODL) Describe how effective their public relation processing policy between 360 and Q. (DO) With a strict and logical way to write the copy for a suitable opt-in email marketing newsletter. DB) The submitted conclusion about how Baud can use new chital media communities is written from new perspective beyond the text book. Scenario The embassies a quote from the last line of HYPERLINK http// en. Wisped. Org/wick/Gin_Quoi o Gin Kill Gin Isis classical poem Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival saying Having searched thousands of times in the crowd, suddenly turning back, She is there in the dimmest candlelight. The context of the p oem is that in ancient China, girls had to stay indoors, and the Lantern Festival was one of the few times they could go outside. In the chaotic sea of lantern lights, they loud sneak away to meet their lovers and exchange promises to meet again next year. A summary of the entire poem Flowers bursting into bloom in the sky, stars falling like rain (fireworks/meteor shower), Whole streets filled with perfume, Jeweled horses pulling ornate carriages, fish and dragon lanterns dancing throughout the entire night. A body decorated with golden thread and butterfly trinket, laughter that has a subtle fragrance. Having searched for this person until exhaustion, when suddenly turning back by chance, I find her standing lonely in the far end of the street in the waning light. Many people have asked about the meaning of our name. Baud was inspired by a poem written more than 800 years ago during the Song Dynasty. The poem compares the search for a retreating beauty amid chaotic glamour with the search for ones dream while confronted by lifes many obstacles. Hundreds and thousands of times, for her I searched in chaos, suddenly, I turned by chance, to where the lights were waning, and there she stood. Baud, whose literal meaning is hundreds of times, represents persistent search for the ideal. In 1994, Robin Lie Joined DID Information Services, a New Jersey division of DOD Jones and Company, where he helped develop software for the online edition of the Wall Street Journal. He also worked on developing better algorithms for search engines and remained at DID Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997. In 1996, while at DID, Lie developed the Rankled site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking and received a US patent for the technology. He later used this technology for the Baud search engine. On July 31 , 2012, Baud announced they would team up with Sinai to provide mobile search results. On November 18, 012, Baud announced that they would be partnering with Qualms to offer free cloud storage to Android users with Snapdragon processors. On August 2, 2013, Baud launched Personal Assistant app for businessperson, to help Coos, managers and the white-collars manage their business relationships. On August 14, 2013, Baud announced that its wholly owned subsidiary Baud (Hong Kong) Limited has signed a definitive merger agreement (the Agreement) to acquire a 100 percent equity interest in 91 Wireless Web-soft Limited from Androgen Web-soft Inc. Baud offers several arrives to locate information, products and services using Chinese-language search terms, such as, search by Chinese phonetics, advanced search, snapshots, spell checker, stock quotes, news, knows, postwar, images, video and space information, and weather, train and flight schedules and other local information. The user-agent string of Baud search engine is Baudelaire. Also, a Baud application for Apples ISO is available. Baud focuses on generating revenues primarily from online marketing services. Bauds pay for placement (POP) platform enables its customers to reach seers who search for information related to their products or services. Customers use automated online tools to create text-based descriptions of their web pages and bid on keywords that trigger the display of their weapon information and link. Bauds POP platform features an automated online sign-up process that customers use to activate their accounts at any time. The POP platform is an online marketplace that introduces Internet search users to customers who bid for priority placement in the search results. Baud also uses third-party distributors to sell some of its online racketing services to end customers and offers discounts to these distributors in consideration of their services. Baud offers certain consultative services, such as keyword suggestions, account management and performance reporting. Baud suggests synonyms and associated phrases to use as keywords or text in search listings. These suggestions can improve colorimetric rates of the customers listing and increase the likelihood that a user will enter into a transaction with the customer. Baud also provides online daily reports of the number of clotheshorse, licked keywords and the total costs incurred, as well as statistical reports organized by geographic region. Bauds primary advertising product is called Baud Tugging and is similar to Google Towards and Diseased. It is a pay per click advertising platform that allows advertisers to have their ads shown in Baud search results pages and on other websites that are part of Baud Union. Baud sells its advertising products via a network of resellers. Bauds web administrative tools are all in Chinese, which makes it tough for non-Chinese speakers to use.

The Elusive Ellipsis

The Elusive Ellipsis The Elusive Ellipsis The Elusive Ellipsis By Sharon The ellipsis seems to be one of the most alluring punctuation symbols, and I see it misused everywhere. From student papers to billboards to everyday e-mails and chat logs, the ellipsis is tossed in willy-nilly and often extends to four, five, or even six dots. I have to tell you, an extended ellipsis is just a bunch of dots. The ellipsis- three consecutive dots- serves some specific purposes in writing. If used correctly, an ellipsis can be quite effective, if not, it can be downright confusing. Some of the right ways to use an ellipsis include (see that, it works!): 1. The intentional omission of words All employers must honor the minimum wage requirement. The original sentence read: All employers must honor the minimum wage requirement or risk paying a fine. 2. A pause in speech â€Å"I think I just got an interview!† 3. An unfinished thought Now, where on earth did I put that? 4. A sentence that trails into silence I thought you might say that. Pay special attention to an ellipsis that ends a sentence. It is the only time you should include four dots since the final dot serves as the period at the end of the sentence. Stay tuned for a post about the correct use of the ellipsis in quoted sentences. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, WhetherItalicizing Foreign WordsThe Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

Farm Bill 2014 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Farm Bill 2014 - Research Paper Example dent Barrack Obama signed the bill into law after a successful procedure of amendment by the United States house representatives and United States senate (Wfan.org 2). The bill signed to law has an investment budget of over $489 billion which targets innovative programs to boost agriculture in the next five years (Wfan.org 2). The agriculture Act of 2014 is a powerful tool with important legislation will ensure that millions of American citizens have a huge historic gain. The bill aims at creating new jobs for Americans across the rural setups (Wfan.org 2). Moreover, agriculture markets according to the bill will be expanded primarily locally and internationally. This will ensure the farm produce harvested are sold quickly in the best markets globally. It should be noted that this farm Bill 2014 already signed into law by president Obama of United States of America is one of the greatest move American government has taken which will save tax payers over $24 billion (Sustainableagriculture.net 4). This is due to the reforms the law supersedes that will make farming easier and ensure timely accessibility to market. To begin with, the law has stated clear directives concerning agriculture commodities. Farming is one of the most unique profession businesses that face much risk for example; bad weather, natural calamities and poor marketing. The bill has clearly terminated direct payments, strengthened crop insurance and also encouraged innovative risk management approaches (Sustainableagriculture.net 4). This specifically will enable farmers to gain more assistance in farm production primarily when their farm is threatened by various risks emanating factors which are beyond control (Sustainableagriculture.net 4). In addition to this, the bill also ended direct farm payment to millionaire (Sustainableagriculture.net 4). To expand on this, it is clear that farmers with adjusted gross income (AGI) which hits $900000 and above are ineligible for payment from farm

Peace and Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peace and Justice - Essay Example However, the escaped Jews had to face even tougher situations in the burgeoning Europe. There were mass killings and tortures. Thus, by the 1880s, Jews from Russia and rest of Eastern Europe returned to Palestine and started settling there. Soon, the Jews started movements to establish a nation state for the Jewish people in Palestine. Jews claimed that the land was their historical homeland and Arabs were against it. It took very little time for violence to emerge. As Tessler points out, though Jews were allowed an independent nation thereafter, Arabs still opposed the Jewish nation, thus, Israel remains in constant conflict with Palestine and other Arab nations (67). A lot has been done to solve the conflict; though the steps were hardly successful. The first effective step came from the United Nations through the recommendation that Palestine should be split into three parts; the one with Jewish nation, the second with Arab state, and an International zone that would comprise equa l numbers of Jews and Arabs. However, the problem with the plan was that the proposed Jewish land would contain a large number of Arabs, and the proposed Arab state would contain a small number of Jews. Moreover, Jerusalem and Bethlehem were to come under the control of the United Nations. Both of the sides were against the proposed division because Jews disliked the idea of losing Bethlehem and Arabs were against the idea of an independent Jewish nation-state. Moreover, Arabs were worried about the large numbers of Arabs who would get trapped in the proposed Israel state. Soon, the Partition Plan was put on vote in the UN General Assembly on November 29, 1947. While 33 nations supported the division, 13 nations were against the plan. Another 10 nations preferred not to vote. However, Palestine and other Arab nations in the near vicinity were strongly against the plan. So, they approached the International Court of Justice with the claim that the United Nations’ decision to p roceed with partition was against the wishes of the majority of the inhabitants of the troubled area. However, International Court of Justice made a decision against the appeal. Soon, violence erupted and grew uncontrollable; and no other nation resorted to intervene. Regardless all this violence, on May 14, 1948, the independent State of Israel was declared. Since then, violence goes on disturbing the peace of the land. However, this does not mean that efforts were not made to ensure peace in the area. Another set of serious talks began in the beginning of 1990s when Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) started negotiations in Oslo, Norway. As a result of the talks, Palestine officially recognized the existence of Israel. Also, it was decided that the Palestinian Authority (PA) would be the official governing institution for Palestinian communities. Also, Israel allowed PA to administer various regions of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In addition, Palestine was helped in developing its own social structure with a police force, legislature, and other governmental institutions. In return, Palestine Authority was supposed to develop tolerance for Israel within the Arab community. However, the mere fact is that there is terrorism that grows in Palestine, and a consequent rise in intolerance towards Palestine in Israeli population. As a result, attacks and deaths have become a common factor even now. According to

Grendel and Cain Essay Example for Free

Grendel and Cain Essay In the story of Beowulf you get a glimpse of many different themes throughout this epic. Those themes range from good and evil to those of death and glory. The story itself depicts a period in history when life was lead blind through the teachings of the book of the lord and his spoken words. At this same period in history traditional pagan religious practices and beliefs have slowly given way to the ideals and philosophy of Christianity. Many of the themes held within the pages of Beowulf stem from the proverbs and fables recited and practiced in the Old Testament, while concurrently adding pagan beliefs of monsters, demons, and multiple gods. The most striking of these biblical comparisons is viewed between Grendel (the protagonist, evil rival of Beowulf) and Cain (the evil brother of Able). In the Old Testament, Cain kills his brother Abel and is consequently punished and banished from the Garden of Eden by God. His actions proved to have a dramatic effect on the life of Grendel and the choices he makes throughout his life until his epic struggle for victory over the Geats and Beowulf himself. Symbolically and genetically, Grendel assumes the role of his ancestor Cain in this epic story as an outsider, disowned from the rest of society, finding a home only among the unknown (evil) and those who have sinned. Feeding on the flesh and blood of gods creations, Grendel starts a vigorous battle to destroy all that is good and the things he can not have. To the Anglo-Saxons and the creators of Beowulf, one of the worst crimes a person could have committed in life was that of murdering ones kin (or the killing of ones brother). During the era of this writing the figure of Cain is used metaphorically to represent the unknown (chaos, evil) and the presence of evil. Cain defies gods will and so he secludes himself to the evils of the surrounding world only to foster a hatred of god and a family cursed for eternity. The period in which Grendel and Cain resided in was deeply structured around the book of the lord (bible) and as a result created a society structured around the teachings and morals of its stories. The idea of friendship and kin being desecrated through the act of murder is one of the worst things a person can do and the consequences of that are severe. Grendel is a victim of his own world and the actions of his ancestors. The society for which Grendel wants to conquer and deny existence  proves to be the creator and destroyer of his tragic being. In the classic story of Cain and Able, Cain enviously slays his brother Able in a vicious outcry of jealousy and anger. For his sin, he was banished from mankind for eternity and left only to live life displaced from the routines of normal beings and forced to live among the dark and the sinful. Cain was the first of a cursed family to be exiled for the sins he committed. His punishment proved to have a drastic effect on him and the future of his blood line. His punishment spawned his dedication to holding a grudge against god himself and the unreachable light he has been denied of. After being the first born of Adam and eve, Cain went on to become a farmer of the ground, while his brother Abel followed the pursuits of a keeper of the sheep. Cain became a self-willing, vindictive man, defiant in his attitude towards God and his relation to his kin. His eternal sin was committed on the seventh day or Sunday of the week while the two brothers were presenting offerings to the lord. Abels offering was of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat (Gen. 4:4), while Cains was of the fruit of the ground (Gen. 4:3). For Abels sacrifice, he gave the best he had and so his offering was respected by his elders while Cains offering was scorned and dismissed. It was for this reason Cain brood anger towards his kin; the worst of which was focused on his younger brother Able. After his disgrace towards the lord and his family, Cains apathy towards his brother produced feelings of murderous intention and hatred. Sooner or later this desperate outrage led him to murder Able in raw uneventful hatred. For his sin he was expelled from Eden. From that day on he led the life of an exile, doomed to be a fugitive and wanderer in the earth (Gen. 4:12) and denied the rights of a normal man, only to bare the mark of a sinner and warning to others. With this Cain walked into the land of Nod (unknown, evil, dark), only to leave a legacy felt by the generations of his offspring. When Cain killed Able, he ignited the eternal flame of a cursed family. From Cains blood came the curse of his exile and sprang ogres and elves and evil phantoms and the giants too (Beowulf. Pg. 35), darkness entailed is legacy and evil embodied his future. Grendel is a descendant of Cain, so he shares Cains exile from all that is good and light. Cain may have been the  first displaced person after Adam and Eve, but he was not the last. Grendel shares his ancestors punishment, he is exiled not only from whatever land or wealth he would have had if he were human, but he is also abandoned by God and all who followed and indulge in his faith and grandeur. It is this abandonment that causes Grendel to destroy and murder. The treasure seat, he was kept from approaching; he was the Lords outcast (Beowulf pg.36), since he cannot approach the throne of the Lord like the rest of mankind, he chooses to attempt to destroy it. He has no love for God and his children if he can not be with them hand in hand. However, unlike Cain and his parents, Grendel is doomed from his creation by being conceived into a blood line stricken by an eternity of banishment from Gods light because of Cains sin against his brother. It is for this reason why Grendel kills. He can never be in the light because he is constantly fighting a lonely war against God and all of his creations. Because of his expulsion from that which is good, he is moreover discarded by everything that follows in the wake of gods will (people, society, life, etc.). The text refers to him as spurned and joyless (Beowulf pg. 47); it is no wonder why Grendel was considered so monstrous. He did not accept his banishment without fighting back. Like most people who are enraged and apathetic and then placed between a rock and a hard place he fought back insensible to pain and human sorrow (Beowulf pg. 35) for those he murdered. The reason behind his actions is not because he is an unruly monster, but instead, he is overwhelmed by jealousy because he is not able to share in the spoils god has made accessible to humanity. With this in mind, if Grendel can not step into the light and become part of the life as witnessed from the outside. Then he will destroy it and leave it for no one. Just as Cain did before him, Grendel will never be content with himself as long as he must bare witness to the celebrating of life and love enjoyed by all whom lavish in the glow of Gods hands. Whether it is Grendel or his ancestor Cain, they both suffer from the agony of trying to survive in a world as cursed beings, forced to loath around in the outskirts of the cold night and the loneliness of a sun scorched day. After destroying the perfect image of a content person in the name of jealousy and anger, Cain; forbidden to enter the known world forever,  created a sphere of influence which played into the future of his children and his grandchildrens children and so on. Even though the mark of Cain is not evident on Grendels physical characteristics, the presence of his cursed nature is. He like Cain suffers from an abandonment of faith and humanity. As outcasts they both find resentment and hatred towards the things they want most, whether its acknowledgement by god and all that is good in the world or the ability to wander freely without fear of ridicule and hostility. To humanity they pose a threat worse then the sum of most peoples fears. They represent all that is bad in the world and as a result find themselves rejected by everything good the world has to offer. It is circumstances like these that have proven to bring out the worst in a person, such as they did in Cain and his later ancestor Grendel. What would you expect from those forced to live among the displaced in a world resentful of there existence. Instead of being accepted for there misfortunes and forgiven for there sins, they where rejected for what they where and what they had become, resulting in a creature motivated by pain and apathy inflicted by the keeper of there being and the audience of there lives.

Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Essay -- Papers Movie Film Citizen Kane E

Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Orson Welles produced, directed and starred in Citizen Kane, the classic masterpiece which communicates its original narrative through ground-breaking cinematography, lighting, music, setting, sound and performances. The film has underlying symbols in every single shot, and uses innumerable cinematic devices to convey meaning. One of the many implications Citizen Kane makes is strongly embodied in the sequence of Kane and his wife Susan at their palace, Xanadu. Welles' choice of camera shots, mise-en-scene and movement in this sequence are used effectively to symbolize women's inferiority to men. The manner in which Susan Alexander is shot in this sequence is perhaps the most obvious indication as to how females are portrayed in this film. The majority of shots of Susan are medium or close-up shots; in fact almost all of the close-up shots in the entire film are of Susan. These close shots, especially when taken in moderate to high key lighting, give Susan an air of youthfulness, vulnerabil...

Freedom of Choice

â€Å"To be or not to be that a question. † This saying is from a very famous poet called William Shakespeare. It means that we need to make choices when we face some questions and we need bear all the consequences and before we make choices, we need to mull. Sometimes, we can make choices by ourselves, but they can cause mistakes.So, I think it costs society for people to have the freedom of making choices. I will show three examples of making choices and they are from a book called â€Å"The Giver†, a fictional story called â€Å" Mermaid† and an article we read in class called â€Å"what makes teens drink†.In the book, in Jonas society, a receiver called Rosemary, she ask to release because she think that she can’t bear too much pain and she think that release is just go to another community, but she doesn’t know release means euthanasia. She makes a wrong choice, that cause she dies and all of her memories return to the people in the comm unity and cause disturbance.Hans Christian Andersen writes the story called and it tell us that a beautiful mermaid save a prince’s life in the ocean, and she loves the prince but the prince doesn’t know he was saved by the mermaid, he thinks that the princess from another country.The mermaid wants to meet the prince, she makes a decision that she lost her nice voice and she gets feet. But if the mermaid can’t get married with the prince, she will become bubble. Then, the prince meet her but he still think the princess save his life.As the result of mermaid’s throat, she can’t tell prince. Finally, prince get married with the princess and mermaid become bubble. The article we read in class tells us that many minors drink in Nebraska and it is illegal. But major teens are not. So that is because of teen’s own choice and their parents don’t set the standard and rules very clear.Pressure is the reason of teens drink and that may cause cr ime. Alcohol can affect decision-making and the body. So teens should know why underage drinking is not allowed. This information is from â€Å"The Torch Plpillion-LaVista South High SchoolPapillion, NE.†I think it is not important that people make their own choices even if they make harmful ones. Relate to the third example, teens drink in Nebraska, they know what law is but they still do it because their parents give them too many chances to make their own choices. I think they are not adults, so they don’t have experiences and ability to make their own decision.Alcohol can affect decision-making and the body and they can easily to get injured. If they get injured, they will regret forever. A small mistake can cause sad, so, parents should not allowed them to make their own choice. They are many costs of freedom of choice, just like the first example.Rosemary choose to release, she lost her life, that makes the giver sad and her memories return to the people live in Jonas society, if people have memories, the organization of their community can not control them easily because people have minds. Maybe people will against the organization.All of these results Rosemary has never think about. Nobody can stop her because of rules, so this freedom choice is harmful for people. I don’t think benefits outweigh the costs. Come back to Rosemary, although she will not bear all the pain, she lost her life, she can’t do anything and she makes others sad, she also break the balance of the community, there are too many costs and they are more important than the benefits. I think it is not possible to have too many choices because we can see the second example, mermaid loves the prince and she want to see him. There are only one way can see him and she need to pay a price.Otherwise the mermaid will not lost her voice and her life, but she will never see the prince. That is impossible, so, she must make decision. But if someone stop her such as he r parents, the result maybe different. Freedom choice can cause too many mistakes and most of mistakes can give super hits and harmful for the society. In conclusion, it is not important that people need to make their own choices. All of the choices need to have good results and most of people don’t think over their choices and cause serious mistakes. So it is costs society for people to have the freedom of making choices.

Inclusion Is Thought To Be A Complex Education Essay

In general, inclusion of kids with particular educational demands in mainstream schools is an of import issue and all European states now have statute laws promoting inclusive educational scenes. ( Evans & A ; Lunt, 2002 ) . Even though inclusion has obtained assorted significances throughout the old ages, since the debut of the term in Warnock Report ( 1978 ) but besides through many Codes of Practice, the significance of effectual inclusion is still unclarified. ( Nind & A ; Wearmouth,2006 ) . So, it seems necessary, harmonizing to Unicef ( 2012 ) , to know apart inclusion from two other footings. First, segregation in which students are distributed to particular schools harmonizing to their damage. Second, from integrating in which pupils can be placed in mainstream schools but in separate, particular demands ‘ schoolrooms and be portion of this educational seeting every bit long as they adapt to its environment. Nevertheless, inclusion has a more embracing significance as i t proposes the suspension of all boundaries and a common assimilation of societal, cultural, curricular individuality of the kid but besides of the whole system. ( Nowich,2008 ; G, Richards et Armstrong 2011 ) . UNESCO refers this assimilation by stressing the duty of the society to offer instruction to everybody and by specifying that inclusion as a â€Å" procedure of increasing engagement in acquisition, civilizations and communities and cut downing exclusion within and from instruction † ( Unicef 2012,4p ) . This combination of increasing entree and besides of extinguishing exclusions led Booth ( 2003 ) to believe inclusion as an eternal process. However, it is something more than puting all kids, including those with SEN, in the same setting.It is, in contrast to integrating, the version of school to childrens ‘ demands. ( Heat et al. 2004 ) . However, it is non easy to comprehend the term of inclusion in theory but besides in practice.That is why Giddens ( 1994 ) refers to an â€Å" Utopian pragmatism † that many desire but few truly believe it can go on ( Croll & A ; Moses, 2000 ) while Slee ( 2004 ) metaphorically says that inclusion has become â€Å" jet lagged † in order to exemplify the assortment of definitions existed for inclusion throughout the years.Indeed, inclusion is hard to be understood and identified because of its diverseness and the deficiency of a planetary significance as in many states it is confused with integrating ( Armstrong,2005 ) . What is of import to comprehend is that we should see inclusion in a wider context in order to accomplish it.This agencies that if the purpose of extinguishing unintegrated instruction is successful, it is merely because society believes in inclusion and topographic points accent on persons ‘ rights and non on their acquisition troubles ( Thomas, 1997 ) . So, it is a affair of handling all kids every bit and non merely in the same manner ( Wedell, 2008 ) . This can be managed through a transmutation in the whole society and its rules and afterwards in every smaller context such as the educational 1†¦ . On the other manus, SEBD is besides considered a obscure term and hard to be understood because of deficiency of lucidity and the diverseness of their features. Consequently, inclusion of kids who are labelled as holding SEBD raises many treatments throughout the old ages. ( Cole & A ; Knowles 2011 ) .Nevertheless, it was non until 1981 through the Education Act that emotional and behavioral troubles ( EBD ) as a term was introduced and accepted for the first time.The old Educational Act ( 1944 ) had instigated the term â€Å" maladjusted † by doing a more medical attack of these troubles whereas in the 19th century, these students were confused with delinquents or â€Å" mental defectives † . ( Cole & A ; Knowles 30p. ) However, despite the abolition of †maladjusted kids † as a definition, the Education Act continued to advance integrating and non the inclusion of people with particular demands in general†¦ ..Besides, this advancement from covering the se pupils as being maladjusted or holding emotional upsets to kids with multiple troubles was besides considerable for switching off from the medical theoretical account and traveling towards the societal 1†¦ †¦ Many research workers argue that there is non a globally accepted definition for kids with emotional and behavioral troubles ( see e.g Benett & A ; Aalsvoort, 2005 ) even though many alterations in policy have been made through governmental paperss in order to advance inclusion of these pupils in mainstream schools ( Goodman, 2010 ) . It is used as a â€Å" quasi-official term † that concerns pupils ‘ behavior described as â€Å" riotous † , â€Å" exlcuded † , â€Å" disputing † or â€Å" at hazard † ( Clough, Garner, Pardek, Yuen 2005 p.7 ) . Despite the vagueness and the multiple definitions existed, there have been many governmental alterations that increase the opportunities for pupils with SEN such as those characterised as holding SEBD to be portion of mainstream instruction. ( Goodman & A ; Burton 2010 ) . For case, SEN Code of Practice explains SEBD as: â€Å" a acquisition trouble where kids and immature people demonstrate characteristics of emotional and behavioral troubles such as: being withdrawn or isolated, interrupting and disrupted ; being overactive and deficient concentration ; holding immature societal accomplishments ; or showing disputing behavior originating from other complex particular demands † ( DCSF 2008, paragraph 49 ) . Indeed, it is an imprecise term, as Goodman and Burton note, that is connected with many different behaviors, internalizing and projecting but besides with other troubles such as the job in acquisition or the hyperactivity. However, one of the most of import issues that might be raised is how teaching and inclusion can be effectual when the significance of umbrella footings such as SEN or SEBD have so many premises. ( Campbell 2002 ) .Furthermore, contemplations should be made about how to gain the purposes of inclusion and why all these barriers for its accomplishment exist.Is it appropriate to speak about a spread between theory and pattern? Jull ( 2009 ) summarises that inclusion of kids with SEBD faces many jobs in execution because of deficiency of educational and administrative administration but besides because of the behavior itself of pupils as the chief trouble to accomplish inclusion.Indeed, kids with SEBD are at great hazard of being excluded ( DfeS, 2004 ) as their antis ocial behavior is thought to be a great challenge ( White Paper 2010 ; Green Paper, 2007 ) . The troubles briefly outlined above high spot the complexness of inclusion of kids identified as holding SEBD in UK context as there is a scope of issues, challenges and quandary being raised. As a consequence, after analyzing these barriers, I will propose possible ways frontward to get the better of them. Furthermore, I will reason that despite the jobs and contemplations, inclusion can be achieved but in order to be effectual, a whole transmutation must be occurred in society and educational scenes. Therefore, I will do connexions to my ain personal experience in Greece as a six months volunteer instructor of handicraft and linguistic communication to striplings and grownups with high-functioning autism and Down syndrome who besides faced emotional and behavioral diificulties.

12 Greatest Visual Artists of All Time

12 Greatest Visual Artists of All Time If you ask art historians who the greatest visual artists of all time are, there would be a multitude of different names. Of course,  there are several standards by which you can measure who the best artists of all time are. Unfortunately, the art world has been  historically dominated by men, and women artists are seldom mentioned despite their enormous contributions. It is important that women artists are also recognized as part of the canon, though, for their work is also of superior and enduring quality, and some even achieved success in their own day despite great societal obstacles. There are several factors that would determine if a particular artist makes the list. One of them is the trend and fashion of the moment that the artist lived, another is the longevity of an artists popularity. The impact made by an artist on his contemporaries is yet another factor to consider. In the long run, determining who are the greatest artists of all time may be a subjective opinion;  however, based on public opinion and what the museums say, the 10  best visual artists of all time are: 1.  Michelangelo (1475-1564) Michelangelo is regarded as the greatest sculptor and painter of all time. He was a major figure of the Renaissance in Italy, especially in Florence and Rome. Even today, some of his marble carvings have a flawless beauty. Michelangelo is popularly known for the Italian Renaissance sculpture as well as the Sistine Chapel frescoes, among other incredible works of art. 2.  Rembrandt van Rijn  (1606-1669) Rembrandt is a Dutch painting genius who created several masterpieces. Rembrandt is particularly renowned for his passion for history painting and still life portraits. He made several canvasses famous for their emotional content, which is why Rembrandt was branded as a realist painter. 3. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Pablo Picasso, the founder of cubism, is one of the most influential artists in history. He was a sculptor, printmaker, painter, and ceramicist. He produced several of the greatest paintings of the 20th century. Born to a painter father, Picasso received all the needed encouragement to build a successful painting career. This gave him the privilege to study art in some of the finest art schools in Spain. He was among the 250 sculptors who exhibited the 3rd Sculpture International held in America. His style and technique was exceptionally prolific throughout his lifetime, producing a total number of 50,000 artworks, including drawings, paintings, and sculptures, among others. Of all  forms of art, Picasso excelled most in painting. 4. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Leonardo was born in Florence, Italy. Despite living several centuries ago, he still remains one of the most influential artists of all time. His only training was in the field of science and he was apprenticed at an early age to a renown Florence painter of the  time.  Leonardo was regarded as an intellectual in his lifetime because of his passion for science. Leonardos contributions to the art world were small, but two of his paintings are the most popular today: Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, which is the only surviving fresco of Leonardo da Vinci. The fact that his interest ranged beyond art could have been the reason why his input was very small. In his lifetime, so engrossed was he in physics and mechanics, that he created workable artistic designs for bicycles, among other things. This is what is popularly believed to be the cause of his failure to complete several of his paintings and art projects. There are also credible reports that he spent a significant amount of time thinking and testing scientific laws, as well as writing his observations about them. 5. Claude Monet  (1840-1926) Claude Monet is popularly regarded as the founder of French Impressionist painting. Monet had an incredible passion for documenting the countryside in his numerous paintings. This was the birth of his impressionist paintings. When Monet went to Paris, he observed several artists copying the popular works of other artists. Rather than follow this trend, Monet developed the habit of sitting by an available window and painting what he saw. Gradually, Monet became popular for his impressionism. He influenced several young artists and made them commit to impressionism, and within a short period of time, Impressionism became a popular form of painting in Paris. Sometime in 1874, the first impressionism exhibition took place in Paris. In that exhibition, Monet presented a total of 12 artworks, which included five paintings and seven pastels. 6. Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) Born in the Netherlands, van Gogh was a remarkable painter whose works of art are still sold at unbelievable prices across the world today. His contribution to art was basically painting. He created many still-life paintings, several of them were portraits of friends and acquaintances. In all, van Gogh completed about 800 paintings. One thing that distinguished him as a painter was his grasp for color relationship and unique brushwork. His work is still a great source of inspiration for  several impressionists all over the world. 7. Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) Rodin was a workaholic and a dedicated sculptor. He is a worthy successor to great minds like Michelangelo. Rodin is popularly considered the best sculptor of the modern era. His success is derived from his ability to model stone and clay in complex manners. During his lifetime, Rodin earned a living collaborating with established sculptors on several projects. 8. Jan van Eyck (1390-1441) He is one of the most remarkable Northern Renaissance artists and many of his works are greatly copied today. Aside from working for the court, van Eyck produced several paintings for private clients. One thing that was peculiar to him is that he was the only painter in his era to sign his canvasses. 9. Donatello (1386-1466) Donatello is regarded as the greatest sculptor of the 15th century. He was no doubt one of the best artists of that era. He was very skillful with wood, terracotta, and stone. 10. Peter Paul Rubens  (1571-1640) Peter Rubens was the most influential figure in counter-reformation baroque art. His contribution to art was basically paintings; however, he produced almost all possible genres of paintings. He was very versatile, producing cartoons and book illustrations as well as sketches for metal work and sculptures. 11.  Ãƒâ€°lisabeth Louise  Vigà ©e-Le Brun (1755-1842) Vigà ©e-Le Brun was one of the most renowned portraitists of 18th century France and the most famous woman artist in Europe. Through talent and perseverance, she achieved  success in one of the most turbulent periods of French and European history and became one of Queen Marie Antoinettes favorite painters. She painted more than 20 portraits of Marie Antoinette, along with portraits of other European aristocrats, actors, and writers, primarily women. She was elected to art academies in 10 different cities. She  created over 900 paintings in her lifetime, including roughly 600 portraits and 200 landscapes. 12. Georgia OKeeffe (1887-1986) Georgia OKeeffe was one of the most important and successful artists of the 20th century. She was one of the first American artists to embrace abstraction and became one of the leaders of the American Modernist  movement. Her art is personal and innovative. She is known for paintings of large abstract flowers, dramatic New York skyscrapers, and southwestern landscapes.

Research Papers Proposal

Research Papers Proposal Research Papers Proposal Research Paper ProposalA research paper proposal is a paper that briefly outlines the most essential issues of your research. A research paper proposal is handed to the defense committee in order for them to estimate the level of your preparation for research. If you get approval from them, you may start research and writing your research paper itself. If you need help writing a research paper or do not know how to write a research paper, you should contact us for professional research paper writing service! We deliver " research paper no plagiarism"!For a novice at conducting independent research, a research paper proposal may seem rather a complicated assignment. Still, with a bit of practice, efforts, and our guide a research paper proposal will be much easy to produce. So, follow the guidelines below.1. Decide on the topicChoosing a research paper topic is one of the most serious and important first steps to making a research paper proposal. You have to think over several fac tors influencing your decision as for the topic: the needs of research community, your personal preferences, and supervisors recommendations.2. Explore the historical context of the topic under considerationFind out who else investigated the similar problems in their works and what their approaches to it were.3. Formulate the objectives of your researchIt is very important for you to see the purpose you have to aim at. It will help you rally your thoughts together and get ready for the work.4. Make the introductory part for your research paper proposalThe introductory part of a research paper proposal usually introduces the problem under consideration. Here, tell what you are going to investigate, what results you suppose to obtain, and how you are going to achieve your purposes.5. Make up a literature reviewA literature review is another compulsory part of a research paper proposal. A review of literature is not only enumeration of existing works devoted to a certain problem. It is a deep analysis of these works presented in a form of logically connected standpoints on your research paper topic. 6. Inform on the research methods you are going to useMethodology is the last main part of a research paper proposal. Here, you have to present the methods chosen for doing research and explain your choice. In this part of your research paper proposal, explain why these methods are applicable and effective in relation to your research topic. How do you think they might help you?If you follow the guidelines presented above, you are sure to create a well-structured research paper proposal and get approval from the committee. If you are looking for research paper example, surf our free blog for numerous research proposals written from scratch!

Systems Management and Security of Standard Chartered Bank Essay

Systems Management and Security of Standard Chartered Bank - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Standard Chartered ranks among the top 20 companies in the FTSE-100 by market capitalization. It was formed in 1969 when two banks merged i.e. The Standard Bank of British South Africa which was founded in 1863, and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, founded in 1853. Standard Chartered Bank always strives to Lead by example and be the right partner for its stakeholders. One of the objectives of the Standard Chartered Group is its commitment to building a sustainable business over the long term that is trusted worldwide for upholding high standards of corporate governance, social responsibility, environmental protection and employee diversity. IT, Security and the Banking system The increasing demand of account holders and the business industry has led to a change in the banking sector. Like many other industries, the banking sector is also affected by the impacts of information technological and technological advancements. Standard chartered uses a number of technologically advanced equipments to quicken the procedures involved in the banking work. It makes use of computers, internet, modern software for accounting and transactional processing and so on. In the recent year, online banking has also been established and promoted by the banking sectors. Standard Chartered Plc also proposed a trade platform for the users of its services called B2Bex. This platform is used by both sellers and buyers to perform the basic transactions online without any delays or necessary paperwork. This platform helps in maintaining the whole trade procedures by giving the opportunity to the buyers to locate a supplier and choose products, negotiate insurance and transfer finances. The software to combat hackers and misuse of customer information have also been incorporated in the IT infrastructure of most the banks. This helps in maintaining substantial level of security of information of the users. Standard Chartered wa s the first bank to introduce ATM during 1979 in Hong Kong. The IT Security Measures Here are some of the security features that standard Chartered has implemented: 1. Strong Cryptography is extremely essential as it is the process through which data is converted into scrambled code and sent across a public or private network and deciphered or unscrambled at the other end. There are two types of cryptography: Symmetric cryptography. Asymmetrical cryptography. Under Symmetric cryptography the same key is used for encryption and decryption. This method is vulnerable to plain text attacks and linear cryptanalysis meaning that they are hackable and at times simple to decode. Asymmetrical cryptography utilizes two different keys for the encryption and decryption of data. It is considered to be more reliable and secure. Hence keeping in line with the latest updates in cryptography, Standard Chartered Bank Online Banking is currently employing SSL 3.0, RC4 with 128-bit encryption (High); R SA with 1024-bit and Triple-DES encryption to ensure data (password) protection and data integrity protection. This form of cryptography used is among the strongest that is available in the industry.

Transparency for an open world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transparency for an open world - Research Paper Example Secondly, the controversy also revolves around the quality of photos taken. The photos question the intention of the photographer who took the photos even when the photographs follow the rule which governs photography. Questions are posed as to whether the photo shooting act was intentional or it was accidental. However, most photographs are controversial because majority of the photographers who captures them always fail to follow the rules like those governing the thirds and leads. They fail to consider the affected as they do not enhance the autopsy photos to suit the moods and emotions of the affected and even the public ((Morewitz, 2014).   Ã‚  Thirdly, it is largely speculated that majority of these photos are being displayed for monetary purposes. Individuals who display the photos always sell them to the highest newspaper and media bidders. Therefore, this raises the question on the intent for taking the photos in the first place. This is because companies or agencies posti ng these photos are profit oriented, therefore are capable of paying large sums for the photos just to increase their profits by making headlines on the photos. In my own opinion, I am in support of the public’s right to know the actual cause of a person’s death by being allowed to access the autopsy photos. This is because it clears any uncertainty regarding the cause of death especially those surrounded by controversies. An example is that the case involved maybe that of a public figure and their personality.

Equity, Conscience, And Unjust Enrichment Essay

Equity, Conscience, And Unjust Enrichment - Essay Example The doctrines are progressive, refined and improved; and if we want to know what the rules of equity are, we must look, of course, rather to the more modern than the more ancient cases: The contention that both branches of law are fused for practical purposes is more recent. Despite the fact that the primacy of equity was reaffirmed in the Supreme Court Act 19814 s 49 (1), (2), Lord Diplock took the view that: Lord Browne-Wilkinson said in Tinsley v Milligan [1994]6 that English law was now a single law which was made up of legal and equitable interests, and a person owning either type of estate had a right of property amounting to a right in rem not merely a right in personam. This is consistent with Lord Goff's view in Napier and Ettrick (Lord] v Hunter [1993]7: However, this did not prevent equity from developing new correctives and devices to meet new circumstances. Lord Denning was a proponent of the view that law and equity had fused for both administrative and practical purposes. He seemed to interpret this to mean on the one hand, that all remedies were available regardless of the origin of the cause of action.8 On the other hand, he continued to recognize equity's ability to create new remedies and recognize rights, through such concepts as the 'new model constructive trust': Equity is not past the age of childbearing. One of her latest progeny is a constructive trust of a new model. This does not mean that equity is past childbearing; simply that its progeny must be legitimate - by precedent out of principle. It is well that this should be so; otherwise, no lawyer could safely advise on his client's title and every quarrel would lead to a law-suit'.

Study on research methodology

Study on research methodology This philosophy was considered as a standard with which this research was designed. Outline of the methods that were employed to complete the research is discussed in this chapter. Saunders et al. (2009) states that any kind of study that can establish casual relationships between variables in the research can be called as Explanatory research. In this dissertation, both primary and secondary data is collected from appropriate audience. Both Qualitative method of data collection and Quantitative method are used. Richardson (2000), states that qualitative work cannot be easily comprehended through graphical representations and thus it carries its meaning in the entire text. To ensure that the data are telling us the same thing that we think they are telling us and to reduce bias error, Triangulation method is also employed. This method of research was deemed to be the best for the purpose of this research. 3.1 The Research Onion Saunders et al. (2006) gives an extensive and explicit differentiation about the ways in which a research can be carried out. Right from the first layer of Philosophy of research followed by Approach, Strategy, Choice, Time Horizon and Technique and Procedure respectively. Each layer is vital to the skeleton the structure of the dissertation. Detailed study of the issues underlying the choice of data collection techniques and analysis procedures lead the researcher to this research (Figure 3.2). However the original model is figure 3.1 below: F:Powerpointpe_ukPE083-SaundersFinal_FilesGifch04C04NF001.gif Figure 3.1: The Research Onion Source:  ©Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thornhill (2006) (http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk) Preferred Methods and Critique Research Methods preferred for this Dissertation are demonstrated in Figure 3.2 below: Core of the Onion would be same Techniques Procedures of Data Collection and Analysis Figure 3.2: The Research Onion for this Dissertation Source: Created from model provided by  © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2008 (Saunders et al., 2009 Pp. 108) Research Philosophy The philosophy of this research is mainly based on principles of Realism which is more inclined towards scientific enquiry. Saunders (2009), argue that Realism is a philosophical position which relates to scientific enquiry. Realism is a branch of epistemology which is similar to positivism. It believes that what senses show us is reality: that objectives do have their own existence quite independent of the mind. Bhaskar (1989) being a critical realist adapts the view that What we see is only the part of the bigger picture. Which is also the view of the author while conducting the research and attempting to look at the bigger picture as already done by famous people like Warren Buffet. 3.1.1.1 Critique This type of philosophy the researcher is likely to employ the existing theory and data. This can be considered as a drawback as it could have been more insightful if there was primary data backed up with the existing one in the Objectives 1, 2, 3 and 4. It was however unattainable for the capacity of this study. There is also some amount of Epistemology and Positivism seen throughout the research. Research Approach Emphasis and nature of the research topic directs the author to adopt the inductive approach of research (Creswell, 2002) where the data are collected and a theory developed as a result of the data analysis. The researcher has a strong understanding of the theory of the topics covered in the literature review and the approach developed was the result of the theories (William, 2006). Hussey et al. (2007) propose that the purpose of this research is exploratory, descriptive and explanatory as there are few studies from which the researcher may obtain information about the specified issue. 3.1.2.1 Critique As compared to the inductive approach, deductive approach seems to be widely used with the positivist research philosophy. However inductive approach was considered to be good for this research as the aim was not to narrow down by developing hypothesis from theories and then confirming them rather to gain understanding of the meanings humans attach to events and theories and also to address the gap in the literature. Research Strategy The approach adapted is of Grounded Theory and some Case Examples to aid the triangulation of the data. Looking beyond its general criticisms the researcher would advocate that the key issue to remember in such an approach is that grounded theory is an interpretive process, rather than a logico-deductive one and researcher should treat it as a highly creative process (Suddaby, 2006). The aim is to discover patterns and develop hypotheses rather than testing or confirming them. The focus therefore is to gain insight and familiarity with the subject area in view of more detailed investigation at a later stage. 3.1.3.1 Critique Amongst various other available alternatives of experiments, surveys, action research, ethnography and archival research, surveys could have been another choice for the research. The researcher decided not to use a self-administered survey because of various reasons the most important being that one wouldnt be able to prompt respondents if they had difficulty in answering some questions (Bryman Bell 2007). There are issues which need better understanding are complex in nature which is part of the questionnaire and if the researcher wasnt present respondents might have left some questions out. As a consequence of this the researcher could have been left with incomplete data (Bryman Bell 2007). Research Choice This approach is open and enables the researcher to gather a broad range of data and impressions; however it rarely provides conclusive answers (Beall, 2002). The advantage of exploratory research is that it builds a foundation and offers guidance for further studies within the field. As suggested by Curran and Blackburn (2001), both quantitative and qualitative techniques will be employed and primary and secondary sources of data will be used. 3.1.4.1 Critique The research mainly focuses on qualitative data and Multiple Method Choices are made for the research following the comment of Curran and Blackburn (2001), that this method is increasingly advocated within business and management research. Detailed comparative criticism of qualitative and quantitative methods is given in section 3.2. Time Horizon Time Horizon for the research is chosen to be a longitudinal research as it has the ability to study change and development over the time. Since the problem of personal debt was not as common in old times and as it is now and it has increased as the economy has developed, this time horizon is adapted. Thus according to Bouma and Atkinson (1995, Pp.114), the question here to ask will be Has there been any change over a period of time? The specific question here thus becomes: Has there been any change in management and distribution of money over a period of time? 3.1.5.1 Critique This research can also be criticised as being cross-sectional whereby you study a particular phenomenon at a particular time (Saunders et al 2006, Pp.148) as it is also pointing the reader towards the current economic scenario. This also a result of the word and time limit of the project. The strategies mentioned above and depicted in the figure 3.2 are not considered as mutually exclusive as suggested by Yin (2003) and will be used along with other strategies and possibilities to answer the research questions in the best possible manner. 3.2 Analyzing the Alternatives It is important to understand different ways to collect data and conduct research to address the research questions and objectives in the best possible manner. This also forms the core of the research onion. In general terms research consists of: Seeking answers to questions Systematically using a predefined set of procedures to answer questions Collecting evidence To produce findings that were not determined in advance To produce findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study (www.fhi.org) As apparent from the title of the dissertation, the research philosophy here is to develop knowledge (Johnson and Clark, 2006) in the specific field of finance. Below is the table 3.2 which briefly differentiating between the two methods of data collection. Table 3.2 Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Source: Adapted from www.fhi.org The table summarises and gives a clear idea on the use of both types of data and their uses. Being an approach which uses mixed meth.ods, this research includes both types of data. Detailed explanation of these methods is given below. 3.2.1 Criticism of Quantitative Methods Numerical data or other data which can be quantified to address the research objectives can be described as quantitative data. Quantitative data in its original form becomes very difficult to interpret and draw meaning from. Thus these data need to be processed, analysed and presented in the form of charts, graphs and tables for better understanding of the relationships and trends within the gathered data. (Saunders et al., 2009) Quantitative methods in this research were used in a form of a questionnaire to address objective 5. As they generally confirm hypotheses about phenomena and rigid style of categorising questions is necessary, it was used to segment the respondents and then understand different views of them as a portion of the society. However mainly the nature of the research demanded the qualitative methods to be adapted. 3.2.1.1 Questionnaire Saunders et at. (2009) argue that many times questionnaires are used by people before the consideration of alternative methods, like examination of secondary sources, observation and semi-structured or unstructured interviews. They advice the researchers to evaluate all the possible data collection methods and choose the one that is most appropriate to the research questions. It is not the case in this research and it was chosen as the most appropriate method to be used to achieve defined objectives. They will also aid in the triangulation of the data as the results will be used along with the focus group results. This in the descriptive nature of this research, which undertakes the study of attitude of people towards credit, spending and saving regarding personal finance, it will enable me to identify and describe the variability in different phenomena. 3.2.2 Criticism of Qualitative Methods All non-numeric data or that data which have not quantified can be defined as Qualitative data. These data are analysed and manipulated in ways of summarising, categorising and structuring of the meanings using a narrative. Commonly this research is done to gin deep insight about a particular problem or situation. One of the major advantages of adapting qualitative methods is that it provides the reader to understand from the view point of people how they experience the research issue in form of complex textual description. This provides us with humanistic side of the issue. This is mostly contradictory behaviours, beliefs, opinions, emotions and relationships of individuals. The other advantage being qualitative methods also give effective evaluation of many indefinable factors like, some social norms, socioeconomic status, role of genders, also ethnicity, and religion, whose role in this research is very apparent. It is seen that the culture of a country is a big factor deciding the spending and saving habits of an individual. Thus this approach is chosen. Qualitative methods when used along with quantitative methods, they can complement each other. It can improve the understanding of the complex reality of the given situation and the implications of the data collected (www.fhi.org). 3.2.2.1 Focus Group Administering a Focus Group was important for this project especially for objective 6 as the respondents replies would be considered very valuable to get in-depth knowledge of the given subject. A focus group has been also used to achieve triangulation. This is where qualitative and quantitative methods are both employed, by doing this can result in the negative aspects of one method being balanced by the positive aspects of the other creating a comprehensive and reliable set of findings (Jick 1979). Some of its advantages and limitations are discussed below: Advantages of using a Focus Group: It can help to explore issues deeply via encouraging respondents to interact with one another in relation to the topic set (Kolb 2008). This style has the potential for many views and opinions to accumulate thereby providing a good source of evidence in relation to the topic discussed (Wilson 2006). Here the interviewer has the ability to ask follow up questions if the respondent gives too general an answer, the interviewer can keep asking until they acquire a finding that is more credible (Kolb 2008) Some of its Limitations are: Data from a focus group might be difficult to analyse because of the large amount of data that is collected within a short timeframe. (Bryman Bell 2007) There can be a difficulty in finding participants for the activity as it is time consuming and demanding of the individual. (Wilson 2006) Group dynamics may also affect how much information is actually collected as some participants may contribute more than others. (Bryman Bell 2007) 3.2.2.2 Observation Observation is another method which is used in this report and has played a big role in its formation. This approach is also considered to be fun. This mainly involves: systematic observation, recording, description, analysis and interpretation of peoples behaviour. (Saunders et al., 2009) Many authors describe that this aspect of the research is to some extent neglected and less used in business and management studies. Although Delbridge and Kirkpatrick (1994) confirm that it is about attempting to learn the symbolic world and trying to get to the bottom of the processes with which an individual constantly constructs and reconstructs ones identity. This idea relates exactly with the aim and objectives of this research. Gill and Johnson (2002) have developed fourfold categorisation of this research which is available for any researcher. They are: Complete participant Complete observer Observer as participant Participant as observer Figure 3.2.2.2: Created from Saunders et al., 2009 form model provided by Gill and Johnson Here the role of Participant as Observer is used wherein researcher takes part in the activity and researchers identity is also revealed. Participant Observation is defined specifically as the researcher attempts to participate fully in the lives and activities of subjects and thus becomes a member of their group, organisation or community. This enables researchers to share their experiences by not merely observing what is happening but also feeling it. (Gill and Johnson 2002, Pp. 144) Thus, adding to the richness of the research data. Main Strengths and Weaknesses of this method of research are depicted in Table 3.2.2.2 below: Table 3.2.2.2: Strengths and Weaknesses of Participant Observation Source: Adapted from www.fhi.com 3.3 The Approach towards the Objectives Described below are the objectives of this research topic and how they were addressed: Objective 1: To understand Money and Debt employing exploratory research while briefly looking into its evolution. To address the first objective, extensive secondary research was carried out looking into the history of Money and Debt. This helped the author to understand the origins of these and thus provided fully with the capability to understand and critically analyze it. Objective 2: To analyze and compare the concepts of money and debt in various countries of world. This was again done with the help of extensive secondary research into the beliefs and values of many different countries of the world. It was done with mainly two types of differentiations namely developed and developing countries and close context and open context cultures. This will let the researcher to see beyond the particular culture, value and belief system of the UK. Objective 3: Understand various types of financial markets and institutions in the UK. This objective was fulfilled simultaneously while addressing the previous objectives. As after the base of the structure of the paper was created, this objective served as a ground floor to build on the other objectives. Objective 4: Understand various types of debts and reasons behind their creation. This objective again was achieved with the help of studying established theories and models which govern the current financial system in the world. Mainly secondary research is used and the concept of participant as an observer is reflected all through the dissertation which is also primary research. Objective 5: Identify critical factors responsible for the increasing personal debt in the UK. Identification of critical factors responsible for the increasing personal debt in the UK was done after careful consideration, on the basis of secondary data and the facts about UK economy given in Appendix 1. A questionnaire was prepared and given out to members of public. The questions mainly focused on Availability of Credit, Knowledge about Personal finance, Culture and Finance and Some Technicalities regarding fees and charges applicable. The sample included students, unemployed people, part time workers, full time workers and self employed people with different sex and age groups. Objective 6: Evaluate the awareness of UK residents about financial management and its role. This objective was achieved by the means of a focus group, some questions were formed to generally access the knowledge about money management in general population and the role it can play in their monetary situation. This was done via open ended questions to give the participant ability to get feedback and discuss in form of complex textual descriptions to access how people experience the given research issue. Sample here also included students, unemployed people, part time workers, full time workers and self employed people with different sex and age groups. Objective 7: Suggest a New Theory on Money Management in hard times. Thus in above mentioned way the objectives were addressed and data will be gathered and analyzed and the last objective to suggest a New Theory on Money Management in hard times to emerged as a result of the achievement of the previous research objectives.